Oncology | Last Updated: March 3, 2023
Understanding Prostate Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment Options
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among men. It's estimated that 1 in 8 men will be diagnos
ed with prostate cancer in their lifetime. Therefore, it's 
important to understand the symptoms, treatment options, and frequently asked questions about prostate cancer. In this blog post, we'll cover everything you need to know about prostate cancer, from its diagnosis to treatment and beyond.
What is the Prostate?
The prostate gland is a small, walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid. It is located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The prostate gland can become enlarged due to a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer.
What is Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the prostate gland. It can grow slowly or rapidly and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Prostate cancer is more common in older men, with the average age of diagnosis being 66 years old.
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
In the early stages, prostate cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms. As the cancer grows, some common symptoms may include:
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Difficulty starting or stopping urination
- Weak or interrupted urine flow
- Blood in the urine or semen
- Pain or discomfort during urination or ejaculation
- Pain in the back, hips, or pelvis
Diagnosis of a Prostate Cancer
Early detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer are critical to successful treatment and improved outcomes. The diagnosis of prostate cancer typically involves a combination of a
physical examination, imaging tests, and biopsy.
Physical Examination:
During a physical exam, the healthcare provider will conduct a examination to check for any lumps or abnormalities in the prostate gland.
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Digital Rectal Exam (DRE):
The doctor will insert a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland for any hard or lumpy areas.
Imaging Tests:
If the healthcare provider suspects prostate cancer based on the physical exam, they may order imaging tests to confirm the diagnosis. The most common imaging tests used to diagnose prostate cancer include:
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Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS):
A TRUS is an imaging test that uses sound waves to create images of the prostate gland. During the test, a small probe is inserted into the rectum to obtain images of the prostate gland. -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
An MRI is a test that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the prostate gland. It can help determine the size and location of any tumors in the prostate gland.
Biopsy:
A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the prostate gland and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer is present. A biopsy may be recommended if imaging tests show abnormalities in the prostate gland or if there is a high level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood.
There are different ways to perform a biopsy, but the most common method is a
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Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy:
During this procedure, a small needle is inserted through the rectum and into the prostate gland to take a sample of tissue.
In some cases, a healthcare provider may also recommend a prostate health index (PHI) test.
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PHI test:
combines the results of three different blood tests, including total PSA, free PSA, and a proPSA marker. The results of the PHI test can help determine the likelihood of prostate cancer and can be used in combination with other diagnostic tests.
Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is a treatable disease, and there are several options available depending on the stage and severity of the cancer. The treatment options for prostate cancer include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
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Active Surveillance:
Active surveillance involves closely monitoring the cancer and treating it only if it shows signs of progression. This approach is usually recommended for men with low-risk prostate cancer and those with a life expectancy of less than 10 years. Active surveillance involves regular check-ups and monitoring of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, rectal exams, and prostate biopsies.
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Surgery:
Surgery involves removing the prostate gland and surrounding tissues. The two most common surgical procedures used to treat prostate cancer are radical prostatectomy and robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy is the traditional open surgery, while robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy uses small incisions and a robotic device to remove the prostate gland.
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Radiation Therapy:
Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. There are two types of radiation therapy used to treat prostate cancer: external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy. External beam radiation therapy involves directing radiation from a machine outside the body to the prostate gland, while brachytherapy involves implanting radioactive seeds into the prostate gland.
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Hormone Therapy:
Hormone therapy is used to reduce the level of testosterone in the body, which can slow the growth of prostate cancer. Hormone therapy can be given as injections, pills, or surgery to remove the testicles. Hormone therapy is often used in combination with radiation therapy for men with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer.
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Chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is usually used to treat advanced prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. Chemotherapy may be given alone or in combination with hormone therapy.
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Immunotherapy:
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that works by boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. Immunotherapy drugs are usually given to men with advanced prostate cancer that has stopped responding to hormone therapy and chemotherapy.
The choice of treatment for prostate cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the man's age and general health, and the potential side effects of the treatment. It is important for men with prostate cancer to discuss their treatment options with their doctor and make an informed decision based on their individual situation.
Conclusion
Prostate cancer is a serious condition that can affect men of any age, but is most common in those over 50. Early detection and treatment are crucial for a positive prognosis, and the use of the prostate health index and PSA testing can aid in this process. Additionally, maintaining good prostate health through diet, exercise, and regular check-ups can lower the risk of developing prostate cancer and other conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. If you have any concerns about your prostate health, it's important to speak with your healthcare provider and discuss the best options for you. Remember, your health is your greatest asset, so taking care of it should be a top priority.
FAQs about Prostate Cancer
What is the prostate health index (phi) test?
The phi test is a blood test that measures three different prostate-specific markers to help determine the likelihood of prostate cancer.
What is the role of the prostate gland?
The prostate gland produces seminal fluid, which helps to nourish and transport sperm.
What is PSA testing?
PSA testing measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. High levels of PSA may indicate prostate cancer.
What is HIFU treatment for prostate cancer?
HIFU (high-intensity focused ultrasound) is a non-invasive treatment option that uses ultrasound waves to destroy cancer cells in the prostate gland.
What is milking the prostate?
Milking the prostate, also known as prostate massage, is a technique used to stimulate the prostate gland. It is not a recommended treatment for prostate cancer.
What is adenocarcinoma prostate?
Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of prostate cancer. It begins in the glandular cells of the prostate gland.
What is prostatic hyperplasia?
Prostatic hyperplasia, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. As men age, the prostate gland can become larger and start to press on the urethra, causing urinary symptoms.
What are the symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia?
The symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia can include frequent urination, urgency, weak urine stream, difficulty starting urination, and incomplete bladder emptying. These symptoms can have a significant impact on a man's quality of life.
Is prostatic hyperplasia the same as prostate cancer?
No, prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, while prostate cancer is a malignant growth of prostate cells. However, the two conditions can have similar symptoms, so it's important to seek medical evaluation if experiencing urinary symptoms.
